Up to 40% have unknown causes. This can be due to a PFO in 60% of cases. We now refer to these cases as “PFO-related stroke".

SCUBA divers who suffer from decompression illness are extremely likely to have a PFO or ASD. Divers who suffer migraine with aura have high

Our studies show that for some people, a cardiac condition, known as a PFO, is a major contributing factor to migraine with aura.

The 'gold standard' screening for a 'hole in the heart' misses up to 15% of PFOs. Instead we use a tool that's safer, faster & more accurate

As it turns out, the most accurate and non-invasive way to test for a hole in the heart is not to look at heart, but to look at the brain!