Up to 40% have unknown causes. This can be due to a PFO in 60% of cases. We now refer to these cases as “PFO-related stroke".

Our studies show that for some people, a cardiac condition, known as a PFO, is a major contributing factor to migraine with aura.

As it turns out, the most accurate and non-invasive way to test for a hole in the heart is not to look at heart, but to look at the brain!